IMPLEMENTASI PELAYANAN KEKARANTINAAN KESEHATAN DALAM PENGAWASAN FAKTOR RISIKO KESEHATAN PADA KAPAL DI PINTU MASUK NEGARA

Pelayanan kekarantinaan kesehatan di pintu masuk negara berperan penting dalam mencegah penyebaran penyakit dan faktor risiko kesehatan melalui transportasi laut. Kapal sebagai alat angkut internasional memiliki potensi sebagai media penularan penyakit sehingga diperlukan pengawasan yang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi pelayanan kekarantinaan kesehatan dalam pengawasan faktor risiko kesehatan pada kapal di pintu masuk negara serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitasnya. Penelitian menggunakan metode literature review dengan pendekatan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan pada basis data PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar terhadap artikel yang diterbitkan tahun 2020–2026, sehingga diperoleh 30 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pelayanan kekarantinaan kesehatan meliputi pemeriksaan kesehatan awak kapal dan penumpang, pemeriksaan dokumen kesehatan, deteksi dini penyakit, surveilans, inspeksi higiene sanitasi, pengendalian vektor, serta pengawasan faktor lingkungan. Efektivitas pengawasan dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan sumber daya manusia, sarana dan prasarana, kepatuhan awak kapal dan agen pelayaran, koordinasi lintas sektor, pemanfaatan teknologi, serta kejelasan regulasi. Meskipun telah memiliki dasar regulasi yang komprehensif, implementasinya masih menghadapi berbagai kendala sehingga diperlukan penguatan kapasitas sumber daya manusia, sarana pendukung, sistem informasi, serta koordinasi lintas sektor untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pelayanan kekarantinaan kesehatan.

Health quarantine services at points of entry play a vital role in preventing the transmission of diseases and other public health risks through maritime transportation. Ships, as international means of transport, have the potential to facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, making effective health risk monitoring essential. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of health quarantine services in monitoring health risk factors on ships at points of entry and to identify the factors influencing their effectiveness. This study employed a literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A literature search was conducted through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2020 and 2026, resulting in 30 eligible studies for narrative synthesis. The findings indicate that the implementation of health quarantine services includes health screening of crew members and passengers, inspection of ship health documents, early disease detection, health surveillance, ship hygiene and sanitation inspections, vector control, and environmental health monitoring. The effectiveness of health risk monitoring is influenced by the availability of competent human resources, adequate facilities and infrastructure, compliance of ship crews and shipping agents, intersectoral coordination, the utilization of technology, and regulatory clarity. Despite the existence of a comprehensive regulatory framework, its implementation continues to face several challenges. Therefore, strengthening human resource capacity, improving supporting facilities, optimizing information systems, and enhancing intersectoral coordination are essential to improve the effectiveness of health quarantine services.